RING Topology
•It is called ring topology because it forms a  ring as each computer is connected to another  computer, 

with the last one connected to the  first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.RING 
     

                                                              Features of Ring Topology
•A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large  number of nodes, because if someone

wants to send some data to  the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will 

 have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to  prevent data loss repeaters are used 

in the network.

•The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional  by having 2 connections between 

each Network Node, it is  called Dual Ring Topology.

•In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow  is in opposite direction in them.

Also, if one ring fails, the second  ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up.

•Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data  transmitted, has to pass through each 

node of the network, till the  destination node.
                                                    •Advantages of Ring Topology
•Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or  by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens 
 can transmit data.
•Cheap to install and expand
•Disadvantages of Ring Topology
•Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
•Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network 
 activity.
•Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

                     

                                             MESH Topology
•It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or  devices. All the network nodes are connected to each 
 other. Mesh has n(n-2)/2 physical channels to  link n devices.
•There are two techniques to transmit data over the 
 Mesh topology, they are :
•Routing
•Flooding
•Routing
•In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the  network requirements. Like routing logic to direct the 
 data to reach the destination using the shortest  distance. 
•Flooding
•In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all  the network nodes, hence no routing logic is 
 required. The network is robust, and the its  very unlikely to lose the data. But it leads to 
 unwanted load over the network.
                                                  Types of Mesh Topolog
Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems 
 are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology but 
 some devices are only connected to two or three devices.

Full Mesh Topology: Each and every nodes or devices are 
 connected to each other.

                                                                             Features of Mesh Topology•Fully connected.
•Robust.
•Not flexible.
Advantages of Mesh Topology
•Each connection can carry its own data load.
•It is robust.
•Fault is diagnosed easily.
•Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
•Installation and configuration is difficult.
•Cabling cost is more.
•Bulk wiring is required.
                                                                     TREE TOPOLOGY
•It has a root node and all other nodes are 
 connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also 
 called hierarchical topology. It should at least 
 have three levels to the hierarchy.
TREE
       Features of Tree Topology
•Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
•Used in Wide Area Network.
 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages
•Extension of bus and star topologies.
•Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
•Easily managed and maintained.
•Error detection is easily done.
•Disadvantages
•Heavily cabled.
•Costly.
•If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
•Central hub fails, network fails.
                                                           

                                                                   HYBRID Topology
•It is a mixture of two or more topologies. For  example if in an office in one department ring  topology is used 

and in another star topology  is used, connecting these topologies will result  in Hybrid Topology 

(ring topology and star 
 topology).
  Features of Hybrid Topology
•It is a combination of two or topologies
•Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included
BUS and TREE 
Advantages of Hybrid Topology
Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
Effective.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.
Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
Complex in design.
Costly.